What Is Diatonic Chord Substitution?

Firstable, you need to know that there are many types of substitutions that can be classified into two main families :

• Diatonic substitutions (chords that have the same tonal function) :
  • Relative minor.
  • Secondary relative minor.
  • Dominant minor (II-V).
• Chromatic substitutions (Formed with chords from other keys or modes) :
  • Tritone substitution.
  • Secondary dominant chords.
  • Chromatic common tones.
  • Chord quality substitution.
  • Adding II-V progressions.

This post is focused on diatonic substitutions, chromatic substitutions will be discussed in another topic.

What is a Diatonic Substitution?

Diatonic substitution consists in replacing a chord with another chord built on the notes of a harmonized scale, provided that these chords share common tones (that they have the same function) and support the melody.

This is called diatonic substitution because you 're not altering any notes of the scale. It is clear and easy to understand, it sounds no wrong. To explain this substitution, we can harmonize a diatonic scale by stacking thirds to highlight the relationship between the main chords and their different substitutions.

Diatonic substitutions are generally made between chords whose roots are a diatonic third apart. These are the chords that have the most notes in common.

Here is the C major scale harmonized in thirds (four note chords). 

As you can see, the following chords have three notes in common :

• The I chord share notes with the III and the VI.
• The II share notes with the IV.
• The IV with the VI.
• The V with the VII.

The notes of the diatonic scale called scale degrees have specific names and numbers related to their function and positions to each other on the scale.

1. The first note ( I) is named Tonic.
2. Supertonic (II).
3. Mediant (III).
4. Subdominant (IV).
5. Dominant (V).
6. Submediant (VI).
7. Leading tone (VII).  

What is The Relative Minor?

In the minor / major tonal system, the most important relationship is the one that unifies the major chords (I, IV) to their relative minors. Each major chord can be substituted with the chord whose root is a minor third down. Thus giving :

• The I chord (tonic) can be substituted with the VI chord (submediant), they have three notes in common : C, E and G.
• The IV chord (subdominant) can be substituted with the II chord (supertonic) , they have three notes in common : F, A and C.

As it is shown in the chart below, the relative minor of the I chord is Am7 (a minor third down C). The relative minor of the IV chord (Fmaj7) is Dm7.

In this example the I chord (Cmaj7) is replaced by the VI chord (Am7). This substitution works well when the I chord is followed by the II chord (diatonic IIm7 or dominant II7).

Secondary Relative Minor

You can substitute the I and IV chords (Cmaj7 and Fmaj7) either with their relative minors (as shown above) or their secondary relative minors. To find the secondary relative minor of any major chord think up a major third. Indeed, Am7 is the secondary relative minor of Fmaj7 and Em7 is the secondary relative minor of Cmaj7.

In jazz music, the most used substitution is the substitution of the I chord with its secondary relative minor. Here is an example of what a common I-VI-II-V sequence can become. As you can see, Cmaj7 is replaced by Em7.

To resume, the I chord (Cmaj7) can be substituted with the VI (Am) and the III (Em7). The IV chord (Fmaj7) can be substituted with the VI or the II (Dm7).

There are two main possibilities to replace a dominant seventh chord, the V chord (G7). It can can be substituted with the VII (Bm7b5) and the II chord (Dm7).

Substitute Dominant Minor - II-V

The first possibility, and surely the most used in jazz music, is the substitution of the dominant chord (V) with the II chord. Example in the key C major, for G7 you can play Dm7 instead. This technique is discussed in the Joe Pass guitar style book.

The following example shows you how you can replace Dominant 7 chords from the bridge of rhythm changes. Each dominant 7th chord is replaced by the minor II chord of its related key. 

Now let's take the first four bars of a blues progression. In bar 4, Bb7 can be replaced by a II-V sequence (Fm7 Bb7). You can also call it a II-V substitution.

Half-Diminished Chord

Even if it is rarely used in jazz music, you may be interested in this following second substitution. This is the substitution of the dominant with the half diminished chord, degree VII of the major scale.

Indeed, the half-diminished chord contain the 3 top notes of the V chord. Example with G7 (V) and BØ (Bm7b5). The 3 top notes of G7 are B, D and F representing the major third (3), the fifth (5) and the minor seventh (b7) of this dominant chord.

The three first notes of Bm7b5 are B, D and F, respectively root (1), minor third (b3) and diminished fifth (b5). Now, try to add a ninth to the dominant seventh chord and you get the minor seventh of the half diminished chord. As you have understood, you can replace the V7 chord with the VII chord.

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