Chord Substitution - Enharmonic Equivalents - Altered & Extended Dominant Seventh Chords

Before tackling the six enharmonic chord examples, it is important to master these three theoretical notions :

• Extended Chords.
• Altered Chord.
• Enharmonic Equivalents.

What's An Extended Chord

An extended chord is a chord that includes intervals beyond the basic triad (which consists of the root, third, and fifth notes of a scale).

Extended chords include additional tones stacked on top of the basic triad, usually the seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth notes of the scale.

Here are some common extended chords:

- Seventh Chords: These include the seventh note of the scale in addition to the root, third, and fifth. Variations of seventh chords include major seventh (maj7), dominant seventh (dom7), minor seventh (min7), and half-diminished seventh (m7♭5 or ø7).

- Ninth Chords: These chords add the ninth note to the basic triad and seventh chord. Variations include major ninth (maj9), dominant ninth (dom9), minor ninth (min9), and diminished ninth (dim9).

- Eleventh Chords: These chords add the eleventh note to the basic triad, seventh, and ninth chords. Variations include major eleventh (maj11), dominant eleventh (dom11), minor eleventh (min11), and diminished eleventh (dim11).

- Thirteenth Chords: These chords add the thirteenth note to the basic triad, seventh, ninth, and eleventh chords. Variations include major thirteenth (maj13), dominant thirteenth (dom13), minor thirteenth (min13), and diminished thirteenth (dim13).

What's An Altered Chord?

An altered chord is a chord that includes at least one note that has been raised or lowered by a semitone (half step) from its original position in the standard major or minor scale.

These alterations typically involve changing certain intervals within the chord, most commonly the fifth, ninth, eleventh, or thirteenth.

The alterations in an altered chord often include:

• ♭5 (flat five): Replacing the perfect fifth with a diminished fifth.
• ♯5 (sharp five) or +5: Raising the perfect fifth by a half step, creating an augmented fifth.
• ♭9 (flat nine): Lowering the ninth note of the scale by a semitone.
• ♯9 (sharp nine): Raising the ninth note of the scale by a semitone.
• ♭13 (flat thirteen): Lowering the thirteenth note of the scale by a semitone.

What Are Enharmonic Equivalents?

Enharmonic equivalents refer to notes that sound the same but are written differently. In Western music theory, the concept of enharmonic equivalents arises due to the use of different names for the same pitch.

For instance, notes such as C♯ (C sharp) and D♭ (D flat) represent the same sound on a musical instrument, but they are notated differently.

Here are a few examples of enharmonic equivalents:

• C♯ and D♭
• E♯ and F
• G♯ and A♭
• B♯ and C
• F♭ and E

These pairs represent the same pitch but might be notated differently based on the context, key signature, or harmonic function within a piece of music.

Dominant 7 Harmonic Equivalents

The exercise below implies six dominant seventh chords that are : G7, G7b9, G7(9), G7(b5), G7 (b5, b9), G7 (b5, 9). You will see how they relate to six other types of chords that are : Dm6 (11), Ddim7, Dm6, Db7 (b5), Db7, Db7 (#5). 

Example 1

This first example implies a G7 chord with the fifth in the bass (G7/D) which is voiced : 5 (D), 1 (G), b7 (F) and 3 (B).

When considering the fifth of G7 (D) as the tonic note, you get a new chord named Dm6 (11), voiced this way : 1 (D), 11 (G), 6 (B), b3 (F).

Notice that there is no fifth in it, even if theoretically there should be one.

Example 2

In this second example, you see a comparison between a rootless G7b9 and a D diminished 7 chord.

The G7b9 chord is made of : D (fifth), Ab (flat ninth), B (major third) and F (minor seventh).

The fifth (D) is actually the root note of its enharmonic equivalent Ddim7, built this way : D (root),  Ab (diminished fifth), B theoretically Cb (diminished seventh) and F (minor third).

Example 3

This third chord voicing shape represent two chords: 

• A rootless G7(9) chord : D (fifth), A (ninth), B (third) and F (minor seventh).
• A Dm6 chord : D (root), A (fifth), B (sixth) and F (major third)

Example 4

Here is another example implying a rootless G7(b5) and a Db7(b5) chord which has its root note a tritone away from the root of G7. This is what we call a "Tritone Substitution".

• G7(b5) : Db (diminished fifth), G (root), B (major third), F (minor seventh).
• D7(b5) : Db (root note), G (diminished fifth), B (minor seventh), F (major third).

Example 5

This example show how a basic Db7 chord shape can be seen as an altered rootless dominant 7 chord (G7b5b9). Indeed, you can see and hear that it highlights two altered notes, the b5 (Db) and b9 (Ab) of G7.

Example 6

This example has a slight difference with the previous one. The note on the fourth string has been raised by a semitone, thus highlighting the ninth of G7 (A) and the augmented fifth of Db7.

• 

  Guitar Scale Dictionary

  This E-book is a printable PDF method including over 700 scale diagrams and formula charts for guitarists.
• 

  30 Groovy Jazz Guitar Licks

  This downloadable package contains a PDF WITH audio files giving access to 30 groovy guitar phrases mixing jazz, blues and funky licks for beginners.
• 

  Guitar Chord Dictionary

  This PDF eBook provides over 550 guitar chord shapes. This is the perfect reference guide to understand how chords are built and how to play them on the guitar neck.
• 

  172 Arpeggio Shapes For Guitar

  This printable PDF is a method dedicated to guitarists of all styles who want to learn the most important types of arpeggios.
• 

  126 Triad Chord Shapes

  This handbook for guitar players is intended both for teachers and students. It includes 126 guitar shapes for mastering triads.
• 

  30 Minor Arpeggio Licks

  This package includes a printable PDF method containing 30 exercises with tabs, staves and audio files for practicing minor arpeggios on guitar.
• 

  II V I Bundle - 170 Exercises

  This bundle contains 4 PDF methods for a total of 170 exercises with tabs, staves, analysis & audio files for practicing scales, arpeggios licks & chords over the 2-5-1 progression.
• 

  Diatonic Licks Bundle

  This package contains 120 jazz guitar lines based on diatonic modes as Mixolydian, Dorian and Ionian. PDF format with tabs, audio files and analysis.
• 

  30 Smooth Jazz Guitar Licks

  In this package you'll get a printable PDF Method with tabs, notation, analysis, scale shapes and audio files for practicing 30 smooth jazz guitar licks.
• 

  40 II V I Jazz Guitar Licks

  This pdf method for guitar contains fourteen 2 5 1 jazz guitar lines with tab, standard notation, analysis, scale charts and audio files.
• 

  50 II-V-I voicings

  This printable PDF guitar method provides 50 exercises with audio files, analysis, tab and staves for learning major 2-5-1 chord voicings.
• 

  40 Minor 2 5 1 Chord Voicings

  This PDF method contains 40 exercices with tabs, scores and audio files for practicing jazz guitar chords over the minor 2 5 1 progression.
• 

  40 Minor II V I Licks

  This guitar method is a printable PDF with tabs, diagrams, theory and audio files providing 40 minor 2 5 1 jazz patterns.
• 

  40 Mixolydian Jazz Guitar Lick

  PDF guitar method with tabs, audio files and theory providing 40 dominant jazz guitar lines for teachers and students.
• 

  40 Minor Jazz Guitar Licks

  This printable guitar method in PDF format contains 40 easy minor jazz guitar lines based on the Dorian mode.
• 

  40 Major Jazz Guitar Licks

  Printable PDF eBook method containing 40 major jazz guitar licks with tab, standard notation and audio files for beginners and intermediates.
• 

  Guitar Walking Bass Lines

  This jazz guitar method about walking bass lines and chords is available as a PDF files containing 35 exercises with tabs, analysis and audio files
• 

  101 Dominant Arpeggio Patterns

  This printable PDF method provides 101 dominant arpeggio exercises with tab, theory and standard notation for the jazz, blues and rock guitarist.
• 

  49 Essential Jazz Lines

  This printable eBook method in PDF format provides 49 jazz solo transcriptions of the greatest jazz musicians. Tab, standard notation, audio files & analysis.
• 

  11 Jazz Blues Studies

  11 jazz blues chord studies with tabs, standard notation, analysis, and audio recordings and PDF.
• 

  10 Easy Fingerstyle Blues

  This PDF with Tabs and audio files provides 10 easy acoustic fingerstyle blues guitar studies for kids and beginners.
• 

  25 Altered Jazz Guitar Lines

  This PDF eBook method contains 25 altered jazz guitar licks with tabs, patterns, scale charts and audio files to master, apply and develop the altered scale.
• 

  40 Blues Dominant Patterns

  This printable method is available as a PDF file containing 40 easy dominant jazz-blues guitar lines with tabs, standard notation, analysis, audio files and scale charts.
• 

  Mastering Pentatonic Scales

  This jazz guitar method is an eBook available as a PDF with standard notation, guitar tabs, diagrams, analysis, audio files and backing tracks. You will find in this booklet 25 easy jazz guitar lines with theory using common and rare pentatonic scales.
• 

  25 Soul Jazz Guitar Licks

  You will find here an eBook available in PDF containing 25 soul jazz and hard bop guitar licks in the style of Grant Green, Melvin Sparks, George Benson. These jazz lines come with tabs, standard notation, guitar neck diagrams, backing track for practice and 25 audio files for each riff.
• 

  25 Diminished Patterns

  This eBook PDF with audio files contains 25 dominant diminished jazz guitar patterns using the half-whole diminished scale and diminished 7th arpeggios.
• 

  6 Tritone substitution licks

  This Printable PDF eBook available for free download contains 6 easy jazz guitar licks with tabs/notation, youtube video link and analysis about the tritone substitution.
• 

  10 Minor 7 Arpeggio Patterns

  This printable PDF eBook offers 10 easy minor 7 arpeggio patterns with its related YouTube video for beginner guitarists.
• 

  10 Easy Major 7 Arpeggio Licks

  This is a printable PDF for beginner jazz guitar players providing 10 easy licks to practice major 7 arpeggios.
• 

  10 Chord Melody Lines

  Within this package, you'll discover a set of ten chord melody exercises for beginners. Printable PDFaudio files, a backing track, and a link to the associated YouTube video.
• 

  10 Minor Blues Scale Licks

  You'll find here a PDF with 10 easy jazz guitar licks to practice the minor blues scale on guitar.

• 

  Guitar Arpeggios Poster

  This giant guitar poster for any guitar player, student or instructor contains colorful arpeggio diagrams. Giant size 24 x 36 inches (60 x 90 cm).
• 

  Guitar Scales Poster 24*36

  Guitar posters and wall art with eighteen neck diagrams representing the most used scales in music.
• 

  Jazz Guitar Chords Poster

  This printed color posters contains 63 guitar chord diagrams for jazz players, students, teachers and schools.
• 

  Guitar Modes Poster

  Guitar reference posters and wall art about modes of the major scale for guitar teachers, students and music schools.
• 

  Melodic Minor Modes Poster

  Educative and decorative giant guitar poster with neck diagrams, interval names about the seven modes of the melodic minor scale.
• 

  Pentatonic Scale Guitar Poster

  This guitar reference poster shows the positions and intervals of the major pentatonic scale.
• 

  Guitar Notes Poster

  This is a giant poster showing the notes on the guitar fret board and their positions on a musical staff.
• 

  Triads Guitar Poster

  This reference poster show the positions and intervals of the main triads used on guitar. This is a useful tool for guitarists, teacher and students.
• 

  Four Archtop Guitars Poster

  This is a decorative poster with four archtop jazz guitars. Several size and colors in landscape format available on Teespring and redbubble.
• 

  Intervals On Guitar - Poster

  This giant poster for guitar provides neck diagrams with interval positions.

• 

  Mini Lesson 01 (ML 01)

  You'll find a mini guitar lesson about walking bass lines and chords containing a PDF with tab, score analysis, shapes, a video and a guitar pro file.
• 

  Mini Lesson 02 (ML 02)

  In this mini jazz guitar lesson you will learn how to play easy and cool jazz lines over basic chord changes found in jazz. Pdf, tab and video included.
• 

  Mini Lesson 03 (ML 03)

  With this short lesson you will learn how to play and connect basic guitar arpeggios over a diatonic chord progression.
• 

  Mini Lesson 04 (ML 04)

  This is a downloadable package with PDF, Tab, guitar pro file and video to practice guitar arpeggios over a jazz blues chord progression.
• 

  Mini Lesson 05 (ML 05)

  This downloadable package provides a PDF with Tab/score, a guitar pro file and a short video for practicing guitar arpeggios on a jazz blues progression in Bb.
• 

  Mini Lesson 06 (ML 06)

  This package for guitarists contains a PDF with tab, video, backing track and guitar pro file for practicing arpeggios over a basic jazz blues progression.
• 

  Mini Lesson 07 (ML 07)

  With this mini guitar lesson you will learn how to superimpose arpeggios over a diatonic chord progression. Video, pdf, jamtrack and guitar pro file included.
• 

  Mini Lesson 08 (ML08)

  Mini lesson with PDF, guitar pro file, video and backing track for practicing scale and arpeggio connections over a Bb jazz blues progression.
• 

  Mini Lesson 09 (ML09)

  This mini lesson is a downloadable package containing a PDF, video, backing track and guitar pro file of a jazz blues progression study in B.
• 

  Mini Lesson 10 (ML 10)

  This mini guitar lesson provides a printable PDF with tab/notation, video, backing track and guitar pro file for practicing open triads over Fly Me To The Moon.
• 

  Mini Lesson 11 (ML 11)

  This guitar lesson is a package inlcuding a PDF transcription with analysis, a short video, a backing track and a guitar pro file to learn to play jazz solo lines over Blue Bossa.